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Definite and Indefinite Articles
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
Definite and Indefinite Articles
What is an article?
Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.
English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.
the = definite article
a/an = indefinite article
For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.
Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group. For example, "I just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.
"A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the group. For example, "I would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about a specific movie. We're talking about any movie. There are many movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't have a specific one in mind.
Let's look at each kind of article a little more closely.
Indefinite Articles: a and an
"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example:
• "My daughter really wants a dog for
Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.
• "Somebody call a policeman!" This
refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.
• "When I was at the zoo, I saw an
elephant!" Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably several elephants at the zoo, but
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
there's only one we're talking about here.
Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So...
• a + singular noun beginning with a
consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
• an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan
• a + singular noun beginning with a
consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a unicycle
• In some cases where "h" is pronounced,
such as "historical," use an:
An historical event is worth recording.
In writing, "a historical event" is more commonly used.
Remember that this rule also applies when you use acronyms:
Introductory Composition at Purdue (ICaP) handles first-year writing at the University.
Therefore, an ICaP memo generally discusses issues concerning English 106 instructors.
Another case where this rule applies is when acronyms start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds:
An MSDS (material safety data sheet) was used to record the data. An SPCC plan (Spill Prevention
Control and Countermeasures plan) will help us prepare for the worst.
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article:
• a broken egg
• an unusual problem
• a European country (sounds like 'yer-o- pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y' sound)
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
Remember, too, that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a group:
• I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large group known as teachers.)
• Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a
member of the people known as Irish.)
• Seiko is a practicing Buddhist. (Seiko is
a member of the group of people known as Buddhists.)
Definite Article: the
The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example:
"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat.
"I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.
Count and Noncount Nouns
The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely.
• "I love to sail over the water" (some
specific body of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water).
• "He spilled the milk all over the floor"
(some specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any milk).
"A/an" can be used only with count nouns.
• "I need a bottle of water."
• "I need a new glass of milk."
Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water.
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
Geographical use of the
There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.
Do not use the before:
• names of most
countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States
• names of cities, towns, or states:
Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
• names of streets: Washington
Blvd., Main St.
• names of lakes and bays: Lake
Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes
• names of mountains: Mount
Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn
• names of continents (Asia, Europe)
• names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands
Do use the before:
• names of rivers, oceans and seas:
the Nile, the Pacific
• points on the globe: the Equator,
the North Pole
• geographical areas: the Middle
East, the West
• deserts, forests, gulfs, and
peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula
Omission of Articles
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are:
• Names of languages and nationalities:
Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian (unless you are referring to the population of the nation: "The Spanish are known for their warm hospitality.
• Names of academic subjects:
mathematics, biology, history, computer science
• Names of sports: football, hockey,
baseball
Exercises
Exercises (A)
Fill in the gaps with the correct article (a, an, the, 0) when necessary.
I am from Winchester, Hampshire. Winchester is______ city in ____ United Kingdom. I live in ____ town called _____ Taunton which is on ______ River Tone. I live in ___ house in ______ quiet street in _____ countryside. ____ street is called “Hudson Street” and _____ house is more than 100 years old! I am ___ English lecturer at _____ college near _____center of _____town. I like _____ books, music and taking _____ photographs. I usually have _____ lunch at college. I usually go --___home____ by___ car. We have all kinds of food in _____ England. I like ______ Polish food very much. Sometimes, I go to _____ Polish restaurant in Bath. ____ restaurant is called “Magda’s”. _____ Polish food is delicious.
Exercise (2)
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
1.Robert and Jessica went to ____ party last night.
2.Can you tell me how to get to ____ cinema from here?
3.____ college is closed today.
4.Gregory is one of ____ strangest people I know.
5.I recommend you try ____ tomato soup at this restaurant.
6.____ beer is not good for you.
7.Would you like to see ____ film?
8.____ apple a day keeps ____ doctor away.
9. I can't believe I failed ____ yesterday's test!
10.Do you have ____ dictionary that I can borrow?
11.There were many dogs in the park. One dog was ____
Dalmatian.
12.Pandas and ____ tigers are both endangered animals.
13.Magda is wearing ____ blue dress with red shoes
14.Bornholm is ___ island in the Baltic Sea.
15.Christmas comes once ___ year.
16.___ owl is ___ bird.
17.The Severn is ____ river.
18.Jane went to the shop to buy ____ bread.
19.Hania broke ____ glass when she was washing-up. Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
20.Tom took ____ umbrella as it was raining heavily.
21.This is ____ easy question.
22.Stephen could you speak ____ little louder.
23.May I have your ____ phone number?
24.I have never seen ____ UFO.
25.May I ask you ___ question?
25.Ismail is ____ best teacher in our school.
26What is ____ name of the next station?
27.My friend has ____ my car today.
28.I went to ____ sea during my summer holiday.
29.Is there ____ cash machine near here?
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
Answer Key
Exercise (1)
I am from Winchester, Hampshire. Winchester is____a__ city in ___the United Kingdom. I live in __a__ town called __0___ Taunton which is on __the____ River Tone. I live in _a__ house in ____a__ quiet street in ___the__ countryside. ___The_ street is called “Hudson Street” and ___the__ house is more than 100 years old! I am _an__ English lecturer at ___a__ college near ___the__ center of __the___town. I like ___0__ books, music and taking ___0__ photographs. I usually have __0___ lunch at college. I usually go _0__home by_0__ car. We have all kinds of food in ___0__ England. I like ___0___ Polish food very much. Sometimes, I go to __a___ Polish restaurant in Bath. __The__ restaurant is called “Magda’s”. __The___ Polish food is delicious.
Exercise (2)
1.Robert and Jessica went to _a__ party last night.
2.Can you tell me how to get to _the__ cinema from here?
3.__The_ college is closed today.
4.Gregory is one of _the__ strangest people I know.
5.I recommend you try _the__ tomato soup at this restaurant.
6.__0_ beer is not good for you.
7.Would you like to see _a__ film?
8._An__ apple a day keeps _the__ doctor away.
9.I can't believe I failed _the__ yesterday's test!
10.Do you have _a__ dictionary that I can borrow?
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
11.There were many dogs in the park. One dog was __a_
12.Dalmatian.12.Pandas and _0__ tigers are both endangered animals.
13.Magda is wearing _a__ blue dress with red shoes
14.Bornholm is ___ island in the Baltic Sea.
15.Christmas comes once ___ year.
16.__An_ owl is _a_ bird.
17.The Severn is __a_ river.
18.Jane went to the shop to buy __0_ bread.
19.Hania broke __0_ glass when she was washing-up.
20.Tom took __an_ umbrella as it was raining heavily.
21.This is _an__ easy question.
22.Stephen could you speak _a__ little louder.
23.May I have your _0__ phone number?
24.I have never seen __a_ UFO.
25.May I ask you _a__ question?
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
English Language Institute(ELI)
ELCS 102
Level 5- Grammar
25.Ismail is _the__ best teacher in our school.
26What is _the__ name of the next station?
27.My friend has _0__ my car today.
28.I went to _the__ sea during my summer holiday.
29.Is there _a__ cash machine near here?
Hope this detailed information and practice about the usage of articles are detailed and useful to you.
Amani Abuleil
Prepared By: Amany Ismail Abuleil
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