- discharge
the pouring forth of a fluid
- precipitation
the falling to earth of any form of water
- evaporation
the process of becoming a suspension of particles in the air
- groundwater level
underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water
- infiltration
the slow passage of a liquid through a medium
- percolation
the slow passage of a liquid through a filtering medium
- overland
traveling or passing over land
- velocity
distance travelled per unit time
- erosion
the process of wearing or grinding something down
- interception
the act of intercepting
- condensation
process of changing from a gas to a liquid or solid state
- channel
a deep and relatively narrow body of water
- moisture
wetness caused by water
- hydrography
the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation
- flood
the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto land
- flood plain
a low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding
- hydraulic
moved or operated or effected by liquid
- cross section
a section created by a plane cutting a solid perpendicular to its longest axis
- attrition
the act of rubbing together
- abrasion
erosion by friction
- corrasion
erosion by friction
- corrosion
erosion by chemical action
- sinuosity
having curves
- frequency
the number of occurrences within a given time period
- magnitude
the property of relative size or extent
- recurrence
event of happening again, especially at regular intervals
- ocean
a large body of water that is part of the hydrosphere
- atmosphere
the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body
- drainage basin
the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet
- watershed
a ridge of land that separates two adjacent river systems
- boundary
the line indicating the limit or extent of something
- puddle
a small body of standing water (rainwater) or other liquid
- river basin
the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet
- riverbank
the bank of a river
- vegetation
the process of growth in plants
- runoff
the occurrence of surplus liquid exceeding capacity
- torrential
relating to or resulting from the action of a downpour
- arid
lacking sufficient water or rainfall
- permeable
allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through
- impermeable
preventing especially liquids to pass or diffuse through
- interval
the distance between things
- surplus
a quantity much larger than is needed
- deficit
the property of being less than expected or required
- abstraction
the act of withdrawing or removing something
- cubic meter
a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 1000 liters
- flow
move along, of liquids
- volume
a relative amount
- peak
the highest point of something
- lag
hang or fall in movement, progress, development, etc.
- stream
a natural body of water flowing on or under the earth
- waterlogged
(of soil) soft and watery
- antecedent
a preceding occurrence or cause or event
- drainage
emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it
- drainage system
a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess water
- narrow
not wide
- wide
having great extent from one side to the other
- storm
a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning
- deciduous
shedding foliage at the end of the growing season
- density
the amount per unit size
- lateral
situated at or extending to the side
- valley
a long depression in the surface of the land
- riverbed
a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a river
- particle
(nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything
- shock wave
a region of high pressure travelling through a gas at a high velocity
- rock
material consisting of the aggregate of minerals
- transportation
the act of moving something from one location to another
- solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
- dissolve
pass into a solution
- acidic
being or containing an acid
- suspension
a mixture in which fine particles are supported by buoyancy
- turbulence
instability in the atmosphere
- buoyancy
the tendency to float in water or other liquid
- saltation
a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards
- load
weight to be borne or conveyed
- traction
the friction between a body and a surface on which it moves
- deposition
the natural process of laying something down
- energy
forceful exertion
- capacity
capability to perform or produce
- competence
the quality of being adequately or well qualified
- gradient
a graded change in the magnitude of something
- sea level
level of the ocean's surface
- lake
a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land
- reservoir
lake used to store water for community use
- waterfall
a steep descent of the water of a river
- river
a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)
- source
the place where something begins
- mouth
the point where a stream issues into a larger body of water
- potential energy
mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position
- kinetic energy
the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of motion
- steep
having a sharp inclination
- inclination
the act of bending forward
- friction
the resistance when a body is moved in contact with another
- downstream
in the direction of a stream's current
- upstream
toward the source or against the current
- efficiency
skillfulness in avoiding wasted time and effort
- protruding
extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary
- bank
financial institution that accepts deposits and lends money
- shallow
lacking physical depth
- deep
having great spatial extension downward or inward
- radius
a straight line from the center to the perimeter of a circle
- proportion
relation with respect to comparative quantity or magnitude
- angular
having the shape of intersecting lines or planes
- broad
having great extent from one side to the other
- meander
move or cause to move in a winding or curving course
- profile
an outline of something, especially a face from the side
- slope
be at an angle
- gentle
soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe
- rapid
a part of a river where the current is very fast
- pothole
a pit or cavity in a road produced by wear or weathering
- fluvial
of or relating to or happening in a river
- undercut
cut away the underpart of
- collapse
break down, literally or metaphorically
- plunge
dash violently or with great speed or impetuosity
- pool
a small body of standing water (rainwater) or other liquid
- turbulent flow
flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically
- gorge
a deep ravine, usually with a river running through it
- ravine
a deep narrow steep-sided valley
- retreat
the act of withdrawing or going backward
- hollow
not solid; having a space or gap or cavity
- motion
the act of changing location from one place to another
- riffle
stir up (water) so as to form ripples
- ripple
a small wave on the surface of a liquid
- corkscrew
move in a spiral or zigzag course
- oxbow lake
a crescent-shaped lake (often temporary) that is formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel
- asymmetrical
characterized by an imbalance in spatial arrangement
- meltwater
melted snow or ice
- sediment
matter that has been deposited by some natural process
- alluvium
clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down
- overflow
flow or run over (a limit or brim)
- levee
an embankment built to prevent a river from overflowing
- embankment
a long artificial mound of stone or earth
- sea
a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land
- tributary
a branch that flows into the main stream
- distributary
a branch of a river that flows away from the main stream and does not rejoin it
- delta
a triangular area of alluvial deposits where a river divides
- rejuvenation
the phenomenon of vitality and freshness being restored
- incised
cut or impressed into a surface
- winding
marked by repeated turns and bends
- prolonged
relatively long in duration; tediously protracted
- rainfall
water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere
- saturated
unable to dissolve still more of a substance
- flash flood
a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration
- inundated
covered with water
- contaminated
rendered unwholesome by contaminants and pollution
- dysentery
an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea
- marsh
low-lying wet land with grassy vegetation
- pond
a small lake
- habitat
the type of environment in which an organism normally lives
- monsoon
a seasonal wind in southern Asia
- typhoon
a tropical cyclone in the western Pacific or Indian oceans
- cyclone
a violent storm in which air moves in a circular direction
- hurricane
a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds
- tornado
a violently destructive windstorm occurring over land
- deforestation
the state of being clear of trees
- livelihood
the financial means whereby one supports oneself
- porous
full of holes
- soak
submerge in a liquid
- concrete
a strong hard building material made with gravel and cement
- tarmac
a paved surface having compressed layers of broken rocks held together with tar
- cost-benefit analysis
an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs
- engineering
applying scientific knowledge to practical problems
- dam
a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water
- spillway
a channel that carries excess water over or around a dam or other obstruction
- diversion
a turning aside
- wetland
a low area where the land is saturated with water
- restoration
returning something or someone to a satisfactory state
- hydroelectric turbine
turbine consisting of a large and efficient version of a water wheel used to drive an electric generator
- riparian
relating to or located on the banks of a river or stream
- buffer
protect from impact
- environment
the totality of surrounding conditions
- landslide
the descent of a large mass of dirt and rock down a slope
- swash
dash a liquid upon or against
- backwash
the wave that spreads behind a boat as it moves forward
- constructive
tending to improve or promote development
- destructive
causing damage
- quarrying
the extraction of building stone or slate from an open surface quarry
- coastline
the outline of a coast
- breaking point
the degree of tension or stress at which something breaks
- prevailing wind
the predominant wind direction
- predominant
having superior power and influence
- cliff
a steep high face of rock
- notch
a small cut
- cave
a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea
- headland
a natural elevation
- bay
an indentation of a shoreline smaller than a gulf
- gulf
an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land
- arch
a curved shape
- blowhole
a hole for the escape of gas or air
- stack
an orderly pile
- pressure
the exertion of force to a surface
- beach
an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake
- shingle
coarse beach gravel of small waterworn stones and pebbles
- berm
a narrow ledge or shelf at the top or bottom of a slope
- ridge
a long narrow natural elevation or striation
- striation
a groove or ridge
- elevation
distance of something above a reference point
- runnel
a small stream
- bedrock
solid unweathered rock beneath surface deposits of soil
- pebble
a small smooth rounded rock
- high tide
the tide when the water is highest
- low tide
the lowest (farthest) ebb of the tide
- springtide
a greater than average tide occurring during the new and full moons
- groove
a long narrow furrow cut by a natural process or a tool
- cusp
point formed by two intersecting arcs
- mud flat
a tract of low muddy land near an estuary
- salt marsh
low-lying wet land that is frequently flooded with saltwater
- lagoon
a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef
- spit
a narrow strip of land that juts out into the sea
- sand dune
a ridge of sand created by the wind
- submergence
sinking until covered completely with water
- onshore
(of winds) coming from the sea toward the land
- offshore
(of winds) coming from the land
- tectonic
pertaining to the structure or movement of the earth's crust
- glacier
a slowly moving mass of ice
- compression
the act of applying force
- decompression
relieving pressure
- ice
water frozen in the solid state
- accumulation
the act of gathering up
- subsidence
a gradual sinking to a lower level
- infrastructure
basic facilities needed for the functioning of a country
- fjord
a long narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs
- threshold
a region marking a boundary
- emerge
come out into view, as from concealment
- submerge
put under water
- submarine earthquake
an earthquake at the sea bed
- tsunami
a cataclysm resulting from a destructive sea wave
- volcanic eruption
the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material
- current
a steady flow of a fluid or gas
- surge
rise and move, as in waves or billows
- billow
a large sea wave
- earthquake
vibration from underground movement along a fault plane
- nourishment
a source of materials to nourish the body
- nourish
provide with sustenance
- sustenance
the act of providing a means of subsistence or survival
- stabilisation
the act of stabilizing something or making it more stable
- coastal plain
a plain adjacent to a coast
- seawall
a protective structure of stone or concrete
- revetment
a facing (usually masonry) that supports an embankment
- groyne
a protective structure of stone or concrete
- breakwater
a protective structure of stone or concrete
- grazing
the act of brushing against while passing
- grazing land
a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock
- livestock
any animals kept for use or profit
- altitude
elevation above sea level or above the earth's surface
- latitude
an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator
- polar
of or existing within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles
- alpine
relating to or characteristic of high mountains
- mountain range
a series of hills or mountains
- equator
an imaginary line around the Earth forming a great circle
- isotherm
(meteorology) an isogram connecting points having the same temperature at a given time
- permafrost
ground that is permanently frozen
- plateau
a relatively flat highland
- ablation
the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers
- sublimation
a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state
- avalanche
a slide of large masses of snow, ice and mud down a mountain
- debris
the remains of something that has been destroyed
- sublimate
change directly from a solid into a vapor without melting
- iceberg
a large mass of ice floating at sea
- geothermal
of or relating to the heat in the interior of the earth
- equilibrium
a stable situation in which forces cancel one another
- moraine
accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glacier
- corrie
a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain
- arete
a sharp narrow ridge found in rugged mountains
- trough
a concave shape with an open top
- concave
curving inward
- drumlin
a mound of glacial drift
- estuary
the wide part of a river where it nears the sea
- spring
a natural flow of ground water
- ecosystem
organisms interacting with their physical environment
- intermittent
stopping and starting at irregular intervals
- deflation
(geology) the erosion of soil as a consequence of sand and dust and loose rocks being removed by the wind
- pediment
a triangular gable between a horizontal entablature and a sloping roof
- butte
a hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding region
- badlands
deeply eroded barren land
- canyon
a ravine formed by a river in an area with little rainfall
- desertification
a gradual transformation into arid, uninhabitable land
- irrigation
the act of supplying dry land with water by artificial means
- windbreak
hedge or fence of trees designed to lessen the force of the wind and reduce erosion
- cultivation
production of food by preparing the land to grow crops
- aquifer
underground layer of rock or sand that yields groundwater
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